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Foreign relations of Benin

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After seizing power in the 1972 coup d'état, Major Mathieu Kérékou declared the People's Republic of Benin a Marxist-Leninist state and sought financial support from communist governments in Eastern Europe and Asia. To distance the modern state from its colonial past, the country became the People's Republic of Benin in 1975. However, Benin dropped the socialist ideology in 1989 following pressure from creditors and domestic unrest related to economic hardship.

In recent years Benin has strengthened ties with France, the former colonial power, as well as the United States and the main international lending institutions. Benin has also adopted a mediating role in the political crises in Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, and Togo and provided a contribution to the United Nations force in Haiti, all of which were indications of the country's growing confidence in the international community. Some of the allies of Benin are France, India, US, UK, Netherlands, Ghana, and China.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Benin maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  United Kingdom 1 August 1960[1]
2  United States 1 August 1960[2]
3  France 2 August 1960[3]
4  Germany 12 August 1960[4]
5  Haiti December 1960[5]
6  Belgium 3 January 1961[6]
7  Japan April 1961[7]
8  Brazil 17 May 1961[8]
9  South Korea 1 August 1961[9]
10  Nigeria 12 September 1961[10]
11  Sweden 17 November 1961[11]
12   Switzerland 21 November 1961[11]
13  Italy 30 November 1961[12]
14  Israel 5 December 1961[13]
15  Netherlands 26 December 1961[14]
16  Democratic Republic of the Congo 1961[15]
17  Liberia 1961[16]
18  Sierra Leone 1961[16]
19  Guinea 26 February 1962[17]
20  Canada 27 April 1962[18]
21  Russia 4 June 1962[19]
22  Czech Republic 11 June 1962[20]
23  Poland 14 June 1962[21]
24  Ghana 20 June 1962[22]
25  Hungary 21 June 1962[23]
26  Bulgaria 25 June 1962[24]
27  Lebanon 27 June 1962[25]
28  Romania 29 June 1962[26]
29  Serbia 3 July 1962[27]
30  Sudan 23 July 1962[28]
31  India 25 June 1963[29]
32  Pakistan 10 December 1963[30]
33  Norway 25 September 1964[31]
34  Algeria 7 November 1964[32]
35  China 12 November 1964[33]
36  Syria 29 November 1964[34]
37  Austria 1 December 1964[35]
38  Denmark 15 December 1964[36]
39  Egypt 15 December 1964[37]
40  Mali 27 August 1965[38]
41  Spain 25 March 1966[39]
42  Ethiopia 7 May 1966[40]
43  Morocco 5 November 1966[41]
44  Tunisia 18 January 1967[42]
45  Luxembourg 17 September 1968[43]
46  Gabon 29 October 1969[44]
47  Mauritania 1970[45]
—  Holy See 29 June 1971[46]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1972[47]
48  North Korea 5 February 1973[48]
49  Cameroon 5 March 1973[49]
50  Vietnam 14 March 1973[50]
51  Libya 31 March 1973[51]
52  Cuba 1 February 1974[52]
53  Zambia 8 February 1974[53]
54  Turkey 29 March 1974[54]
55  Argentina 20 May 1974[55]
56  Albania 4 October 1974[56]
57  Mexico 30 October 1975[57]
58  Angola 11 October 1976[58]
59  Chad 18 October 1976[59]
60  Laos 2 January 1977[60]
61  Mongolia 30 March 1977[61]
62  Portugal 21 July 1977[62]
63  Republic of the Congo 9 September 1978[63]
64  Uganda 1978[64]
65  Tanzania 25 May 1979[65]
66  Thailand 5 October 1980[66]
67  Equatorial Guinea 10 April 1981[67]
68  Kenya 12 March 1982[68]
69  Somalia 12 March 1982[68]
70  Niger 14 May 1982[69]
71  Togo 5 September 1983[70]
72  Ivory Coast 28 October 1983[71]
73  Nicaragua 5 June 1984[61]
74  Afghanistan 5 December 1984[61]
75  Rwanda 21 March 1985[72]
—  State of Palestine 1985[73]
76  United Arab Emirates 5 January 1986[74]
77  Kuwait 24 December 1987[75]
78  Seychelles 1 March 1988[61]
79  Colombia 30 November 1988[61]
80  Finland 22 December 1988[76]
81  Namibia 13 August 1990[61]
82  Venezuela 20 June 1991[61]
83  Ukraine 10 April 1992[77]
84  Malaysia 1992[78]
85  Slovakia 19 January 1993[79]
86  Singapore 21 February 1994[80]
87  Brunei 1 March 1994[81]
88  Indonesia 10 March 1994[82]
89  South Africa 19 May 1994[83]
90  Costa Rica 28 June 1994[61]
91  Cambodia 23 January 1995[84]
92  Guatemala 14 November 1995[61]
93  Latvia 19 March 1997[85]
94  Philippines 8 August 1997[86]
95  Azerbaijan 14 October 1999[87]
96  Qatar 2 November 1999[88]
97  Dominican Republic 24 November 1999[89]
98  Croatia 26 March 2001[61]
99  Belarus 21 June 2001[90]
100  Mauritius 24 March 2003[61]
101  North Macedonia 26 November 2004[91]
102  Slovenia 1 December 2004[92]
103  Iceland 23 February 2005[61]
104  Estonia 27 June 2005[93]
105  Uzbekistan 17 August 2005[94]
106  Lithuania 2 September 2005[95]
107  Panama 20 September 2005[96]
108  Andorra 24 March 2006[97]
109  Jamaica 25 April 2006[98]
110  Botswana 21 February 2007[61]
111  Armenia 2 August 2007[61]
112  Uruguay 14 February 2008[61]
113  Djibouti 16 June 2008[99]
114  Bangladesh 14 July 2008[100]
115  Kyrgyzstan 29 January 2009[101]
116  Paraguay 18 February 2009[102]
117  Malta 25 March 2009[61]
118  Bosnia and Herzegovina 11 September 2009[61]
119  Chile 25 August 2010[103]
120  Australia 22 September 2010[104]
121  Tajikistan 8 July 2011[61]
122  Kazakhstan 13 September 2011[61]
123  Montenegro 15 September 2011[61]
124  Fiji 16 September 2011[61]
125  Maldives 16 September 2011[105]
126  South Sudan 29 January 2013[106]
127  New Zealand 27 June 2013[107]
128  Sri Lanka 12 August 2013[108]
129  Yemen 24 February 2014[109]
130  Jordan 4 June 2014[110]
131  Georgia 25 September 2014[61]
132  Peru 22 November 2017[111]
133    Nepal 23 January 2018[61]
134  Moldova 24 January 2018[61]
135  Comoros 17 May 2018[112]
136  Zimbabwe 19 July 2018[113]
137  Turkmenistan 26 July 2018[114]
138  Mozambique 24 October 2018[115]
139  Oman 16 November 2018[61]
140  Malawi 19 February 2019[116]
141  São Tomé and Príncipe 20 February 2019[117]
142  Monaco 8 March 2019[118]
143  Ireland 28 May 2019[119]
144  Liechtenstein 26 June 2019[120]
145  Myanmar 2 July 2019[61]
146  Ecuador 7 October 2019[61]
147  San Marino 29 September 2020[121]
148  Saint Kitts and Nevis 2 June 2022[122]
149  Belize 14 September 2023[61]
150  Bahrain 21 September 2023[61]
151  Grenada 21 September 2023[61]
152  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3 October 2023[61]
153  Cyprus 10 October 2023[61]
154  East Timor 10 October 2023[61]
155  El Salvador 18 October 2023[61]
156  Antigua and Barbuda 21 December 2023[61]
157  Bahamas 21 January 2024[61]
158  Saint Lucia 25 June 2024[61]
159  Marshall Islands 2 July 2024[61]
160  Guyana 9 July 2024[61]
161  Bolivia 24 July 2024[61]
162  Dominica 24 September 2024[61]
163  Nauru 6 November 2024[61]
164  Burkina Faso Unknown
165  Burundi Unknown
166  Cape Verde Unknown
167  Central African Republic Unknown[123]
168  Eritrea Unknwon
169  Eswatini Unknown
170  Gambia Unknown
171  Guinea-Bissau Unknown
172  Greece Unknown
173  Iran Unknown
174  Iraq Unknown
175  Lesotho Unknown
176  Madagascar Unknown
177  Saudi Arabia Unknown
178  Senegal Unknown

Bilateral relations

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Sovereign state Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria 7 November 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 November 1964 when Algeria's first Ambassador to Dahomey Mr. Tahar Gaid presented his letters of credence[32]
 Bangladesh 14 July 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 2008 when has been accredited first Ambassador of Benin to Bangladesh (resident in Beijing) Mr. Sedozan Jean-Claude Apithy.[100]
 Brazil 17 May 1961
 Burkina Faso

In September 2007, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over two villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from a 2005 ICJ decision.

 China 12 November 1964 See Benin–China relations

The People's Republic of China and the Republic of Benin established diplomatic relations on November 12, 1964, yet in January 1966, Benin unilaterally severed the relations with China and the April that year to "resume relations" with Taiwan. On December 29, 1972, the Mathieu Kérékon Government restored the relations with China and then the relations saw a favorable development afterwards.[33]

  • Benin has an embassy in Beijing.
  • China has an embassy in Cotonou.
 Comoros 17 May 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 May 2018 when Ambassador of Benin to Comoros (resident in Pretoria) Mr. Erick Franck Saїzonou presented his credentials to President Azali Assoumani.[112]
 Democratic Republic of Congo 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1961 when has been accredited Mr. Paul Fabo as Chargé d'Affaires of Dahomey to Leopoldville (Kinshasa) (1961–1963) and later ambassador to DRC (Zaire) (1963–1973).[15]
 Cote d'Ivoire 28 October 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 October 1983 when Ambassador of Benin to Côte d'Ivoire Mr. Benon Nicolas presented his credentials to President Houphouët - Boigny.[71]
 Cuba 1 February 1974
  • Benin has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Cotonou.
 Denmark 15 December 1964 See Benin–Denmark relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1964 when was accredited first ambassador of Dahomey to Denmark Dr. Nicolas Amoussou Ewagnignon[36]

  • Denmark is accredited to Benin from its embassy in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
 Egypt 15 December 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1964 when decided to open Embassy of Egypt in Dahomey.[37]
 Equatorial Guinea 10 April 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1981 when first Ambassador of Equatorial Guinea to Benin presented his credentials to Head of State, Colonel Mathieu Kérékou.[67]
 Ethiopia 7 May 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1966 when first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Dahomey ( resident in Lagos ) Mr. Dawit Abdou presented his credentials.[40]
  • Benin has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Benin from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
 France 2 August 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 August 1960[3]
 Gabon 29 October 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 October 1969 when Gabon's new Ambassador to Dahomey (Benin), M. Marcel Sandoungout, has presented his credentials to President Zinsou.[44]
 Germany 12 August 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1960 when first Ambassador of FRG to Dahomey (resident in Abidjan) Mr. Theodor Axenfeld presented his credentials[4]
 Ghana 20 June 1962
  • Benin does not have an accreditation for Ghana.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Cotonou.
 Guinea 26 February 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 February 1962 when first Ambassador of Guinea to Dahomey Mr. Leon Maka presented his credentials to President Maga.[17]
 Haiti December 1960 See Benin–Haiti relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in December 1960 with opened Embassy of Haiti in Dahomey. It was closed in 1963 and reopened in Cotonou in February 2004. Embassy Haiti in Benin was finally closed on 11 December 2018.[5]

The two countries share an extensive cultural history by way of the Atlantic slave trade and the resulting importing of Vodou as a religious force in Haitian society.

  • Benin does not have an accreditation to Haiti.
  • Haiti is accredited to Benin from its embassy in Paris, France.
 India 25 June 1963 See Benin–India relations
  • India is accredited to Benin from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
 Israel 5 December 1961
  • Israel is accredited to Benin from its embassy in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
 Italy 30 November 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1961 when first ambassador of Italy to Dahomey Mr. Renzo Luigi Romanelli presented his credentials to President Hubert Maga[12]
 Japan 1961
  • Benin has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Cotonou.
 Kenya 12 March 1982 See Benin–Kenya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 March 1982 when first ambassador of Kenya to Benin Mr. Alfred Imbahale Machayo presented his credentials to Head of State of Benin Mr. Mathieu Kérékou.[68]

  • Benin is accredited to Kenya from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Kenya's is accredited to Benin from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
 Kuwait 24 December 1987
  • Benin has an embassy in Kuwait City.
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Cotonou.
 Lebanon 27 June 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1962 when first ambassador of Lebanon to Dahomey presented his credentials to President Hubert Maga.[25]
 Mali 27 August 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1965 when first ambassador of Mali to Dahomey (resident in Niamey) Mr. Hangadoumbo Toure presented his credentials.[38]
 Mexico 30 October 1975
  • Benin is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[126]
  • Mexico is accredited to Benin from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria and has an honorary consulate in Cotonou.[127]
 Morocco 5 November 1966
  • Benin has an embassy in Rabat.
  • Morocco has an embassy in Cotonou.
 Niger

Despite the occasional recurrence of a border conflict over Lete Island in the Niger River, Benin and Niger, both former French subjects of French West Africa, relations are close. Niger relies on the port at Cotonou, and to a lesser degree Lomé (Togo), and Port Harcourt (Nigeria), as its main route to overseas trade. Niger operates a Nigerien Ports Authority station, as well as customs and tax offices in a section of Cotonou's port, so that imports and exports can be directly transported between Gaya and the port. French Uranium mines in Arlit, which produce Niger's largest exports by value, travel through this port to France or the world market.

 Nigeria 12 September 1961

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 September 1961 when has been appointed Chargé d'Affaires of Dahomey to Nigeria Mr. Obed Pessou.[10]

Benin enjoys stable relations with Nigeria, the main regional power. In fact, Benin is dependent on Nigeria for most of its export. Its economy is primarily based on informal trade with Nigeria.

  • Benin has an embassy in Abuja and a consulate-general in Lagos.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Cotonou.
 Pakistan 10 December 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1963 when the Pakistan Government has decided to concurrently accredit M. S. Shaikh, High Commissioner for Pakistan in Nigeria, as the country's ambassador to Dahomey.[30]
 Philippines 8 August 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 August 1997 when has been accredited Ambassador of Philippines to Benin (resident in Lagos) Mr. Masarango Masrumpa.[86]
 Qatar 2 November 1999
  • Benin has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Cotonou.
 Russia 4 June 1962 See Benin–Russia relations
  • Benin has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Cotonou.
 Rwanda 21 March 1985 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 March 1985 when Ambassador of Rwanda to Benin Mr. Calixte Hatungimana presented his credentials to général Mathieu Kerekou.[72]
 Somalia 12 March 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 March 1982 when first ambassador of Somalia to Benin Mr. Hussein Assan Farah presented his credentials to Head of State of Benin Mr. Mathieu Kérékou.[68]
 South Africa 19 May 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 May 1994[83]
  • Benin does not have an accreditation for South Africa.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Cotonou.
 South Korea 1 August 1961
  • Benin does not have an accreditation for South Korea.
  • South Korea is accredited to Benin from its embassy in Accra, Ghana.
 Spain 25 March 1966
  • Benin is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain is accredited to Benin from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
 Tanzania 25 May 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 May 1979 when first ambassador of Tanzania to Benin Mr. Mirisho Sarakikya presented his credentials to President M. Kerekou[65]
 Togo 5 September 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1983 when Ambassador of Benin to Togo (resident in accra) Mr. Lucien Tonoukoin presented his credentials to Head of State General Eyadema.[70]
 Tunisia 18 January 1967 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1967 when Tunisian Ambassador to Dahomey, with residence in Abidjan, Mr. Mehiri Abdeljelil, has presented his credentials to General Soglo.[42]
 Turkey 29 March 1974 Benin–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 March 1974 when first Turkish Ambassador Mr. Talat Benler presented his credentials to President Mathieu Kerekou in Cotonou.[54]

  • Turkey has an embassy in Cotonou.[128]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$142 million in 2019.[128]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cotonou since 2014.[128]
 United Kingdom 1 August 1960 Benin established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 1 August 1960.[1]
  • Benin does not maintain an embassy in the United Kingdom.
  • The United Kingdom is not accredited to Benin through an embassy; the UK develops relations through its high commission in Accra, Ghana.[129]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[130] the International Criminal Court, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[131]

 United States 1 August 1960 See Benin–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1960[2]

The two nations have had an excellent history of relations in the years since Benin embraced democracy. The U.S. Government continues to assist Benin with the improvement of living standards that are key to the ultimate success of Benin's experiment with democratic government and economic liberalization, and are consistent with U.S. values and national interest in reducing poverty and promoting growth. The bulk of the U.S. effort in support of consolidating democracy in Benin is focused on long-term human resource development through U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) programs.[132]

  • Benin has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • United States has an embassy in Cotonou.
 Venezuela 20 June 1991
  • Benin does not have an accreditation for Venezuela.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Cotonou.
 Yemen 24 February 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 2014 when Ambassador of Benin to Yemen Mr. Taher Mohammed Dambaya presented his credentials to President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi.[109]
 Zambia 8 February 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 February 1974 when Zambian ambassador Andreya S. Masiye presented credentials to President Kerekou[53]
 Zimbabwe 19 July 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 2018 when first ambassador of Benin to Zimbabwe Mr. Eric Saizonou presented his credentials to President Emmerson Mnangagwa.[113]

Transnational Issues

[edit]

Disputes

[edit]

In September 2007, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over two villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from 2005 ICJ decision; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteen villages to Benin, but border relations remain strained by rival cross-border gang clashes; talks continue between Benin and Togo on funding the Adjrala hydroelectric dam on the Mona River.

Refugees

[edit]

Refugees (country of origin): 9,444 (Togo) (2007)

Illicit Drugs

[edit]

Transshipment point used by traffickers for cocaine destined for Western Europe; vulnerable to money laundering due to poorly enforced financial regulations (2008)

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b The Times Cuttings Africa West. xerography and published by University Microfilms. 1958.
  2. ^ a b "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Benin (Dahomey)". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs, envoyes extraordinaires, ministres plenipotentiaires et charges d'affaires de France a l'etranger depuis 1945" (PDF). diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  4. ^ a b "Beninisch-deutsche Geschichte". Deutsche Botschaft Cotonou (in German). Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  5. ^ a b "Diplomatie: l'Ambassade d'Haïti au Bénin définitivement fermée". Benin Web TV (in French). 16 December 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  6. ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 51-77 (in French and Dutch). 1961. 1961. p. 2166.
  7. ^ "64ème anniversaire de Sa Majesté Naruhito : Le Bénin et le Japon se félicitent d'un partenariat stratégique" (in French). 25 March 2024.
  8. ^ "Cria uma Embaixada do Brasil na República do Daomei. Decreto nº 50.604, de 17 de maio de 1961". PORTAL DE LEGISLAÇÃO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  9. ^ "Benin". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  10. ^ a b "Republique du Dahomey Decret du President de la Republique № 287". Secrétariat général du Gouvernement du Bénin (in French). Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  11. ^ a b Monde colonial illustré Volume 39, Issues 383-392 (in French). Société nouvelle des Editions France Outremer S.A. 1961. p. 49.
  12. ^ a b Europe, France outremer Issues 382-392 (in French). 1961. p. 48.
  13. ^ Yitzhak Oron (1961). Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961 Volume 2. Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center. p. 335. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  14. ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 97.
  15. ^ a b Mathurin C. Houngnikpo, Samuel Decalo (2013). Historical Dictionary of Benin. Scarecrow Press. p. 161.
  16. ^ a b Les Élites africaines Volume 2 (in French). Édiafric. 1972. p. 93. COFFI Pierre C. Ivoire Ambassadeur des Etats du Conseil de l'Entente au Libéria et en Sierra- Leone ( 1961-1969 ) ;
  17. ^ a b Europe, France outremer - Issues 382-392 (in French). 1961. p. 64.
  18. ^ "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  19. ^ "Today marks 60 years since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Russia and Benin!". MFA Russia. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  20. ^ Daily report, foreign radio broadcasts 1962 no.114-115. 1962. p. 142.
  21. ^ Bogdan Grzeloński (2006). Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku (in Polish). Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. p. 129.
  22. ^ Daily report, foreign radio broadcasts 1962 no.120-121. 1962. p. 142.
  23. ^ Lajos Gecsényi (January 2015). Diplomaták a változó világban Főkonzulok, követek és nagykövetek 1945-1990 (in Hungarian). 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2023. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  24. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on August 26, 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  25. ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 126-127. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  26. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  27. ^ "Benin: Bilateral agreements". Republic of Serbia Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  28. ^ Cahiers de l'Orient contemporain Volume 19 (in French). G.P. Maisonneuve. 1962. p. 267.
  29. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 125-126. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1963. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  30. ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 240-241. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1963. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  31. ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). April 27, 1999. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  32. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1964. p. 184.
  33. ^ a b "Benin". china.org.cn. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  34. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 233-234. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  35. ^ Michael Th Neugebauer (1992). Die österreichisch-afrikanischen Beziehungen seit 1955 Wirtschaft, Politik, Entwicklungspolitik, Kultur (in German). Böhlau. p. 110.
  36. ^ a b "Udenlandske diplomatiske og konsulære repræsentationer i Danmark" (PDF). Hof- og Statskalender 1966 (in Danish). p. [21]. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  37. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1964. p. 203.
  38. ^ a b Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 379-388 (in French). La Documentation africaine. 1965.
  39. ^ "Benín: RELACIONES BILATERALES CON ESPAÑA" (PDF). OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  40. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1966. p. 531.
  41. ^ "Bénin". Royaume du Maroc Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation (in French). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  42. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1967. p. 696.
  43. ^ "Bulletin de documentation_1968_8" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 20. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  44. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1969. p. 1544.
  45. ^ The Europa Year Book 1970 Vol-ii. p. 438. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  46. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  47. ^ de Béthencourt, Marcos Fernández (2019). La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres. pp. 302–309.
  48. ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK (The National Committee on North Korea). August 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  49. ^ Cameroun informations, 3 (in French). 1973. p. 10.
  50. ^ "Republic of Benin". vietnam.gov.vn. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  51. ^ ARR, Arab Report and Record. Vol. 1–18, 21–24. 1973. p. 29.
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Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

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